Allopathic and Osteopathic Physicians Subspecialties

Addiction Medicine Anesthesiology:
This is a special branch of medicine that handles the treatment of addiction. Addiction Medicine crosses over into numerous other heath areas such as psychology, public health, social work, psychiatry and internal medicine. The processes of rehabilitating, detoxifying, individual and group therapies and acute intervention are a few areas incorporated within this type of medical specialty.

Addiction Medicine Family Medicine:
This is a special branch of medicine that handles the treatment of addiction. Addiction Medicine crosses over into numerous other heath areas such as psychology, public health, social work, psychiatry and internal medicine. The processes of rehabilitating, detoxifying, individual and group therapies and acute intervention are a few areas incorporated within this type of medical specialty.

Addiction Medicine Internal Medicine:
This is a special branch of medicine that handles the treatment of addiction. Addiction Medicine crosses over into numerous other heath areas such as psychology, public health, social work, psychiatry and internal medicine. The processes of rehabilitating, detoxifying, individual and group therapies and acute intervention are a few areas incorporated within this type of medical specialty.

Addiction Medicine Psychiatry and Neurology:
This is a special branch of medicine that handles the treatment of addiction. Addiction Medicine crosses over into numerous other heath areas such as psychology, public health, social work, psychiatry and internal medicine. The processes of rehabilitating, detoxifying, individual and group therapies and acute intervention are a few areas incorporated within this type of medical specialty.

Addiction Psychiatry:
Addiction Psychiatry focuses on evaluating, diagnosing and treating people that are suffering from one or more disorders related to addiction. This is a specialty within the division of psychiatry. These addictions may include gambling, sex, food and other impulse control disorders.

Adolescent Medicine:
This is a division of medicine that is set to serve the health care requirements of adolescents and to help provide research and training the will help improve adolescent health. It focuses on patient care during the adolescent period of development. This usually ranges from the last few years of elementary school until graduation from high school.

Adolescent Medicine Pediatrics:
This is a division of medicine that is set to serve the health care requirements of adolescents and to help provide research and training the will help improve adolescent health. It focuses on patient care during the adolescent period of development. This usually ranges from the last few years of elementary school until graduation from high school.

Adult Medicine:
Adult Medicine is a practice of internal medicine. There is a very strong emphasis in quality care, prevention, follow-ups, short wait times, education and professional relationships. Adult Medicine is associated with numerous different divisions of medicine.

Adult Reconstructive Orthopedic Surgery:
Is the prevention, and reconstructive treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, disorders and numerous injuries by physical, medical and surgical methods. As well it encompasses aspects of arthritis and related disorders of the knee, shoulder, elbow, ankle, foot and hip. Sports medicine often utilizes reconstructive orthopedic surgery.

Aerospace Medicine:
Aerospace Medicine is also called Aviation or Flight Medicine. It is a preventative medicine in which the patients are aircrews, pilots or people involved in spaceflight. This is a specialty division of medicine. It tries to prevent conditions from developing within this discipline that will affect the health and safety of the patients.

Allergy:
An allergy is a hypersensitivity as a result of exposure to a certain allergen resulting in an increase in reactivity to the allergen when exposed, sometimes resulting in immunologic issues. This branch of medicine is focused on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic reactions. Some allergies are a hypersensitivity to specific drugs.

Allergy and Immunology:
Generally, an immunology clinic provides the diagnosis and treatment options for patients with genetic disorders of the immune system. In turn, an Allergy clinic is for the diagnosis and management of people with serious allergic diseases inclusive of latex allergy, food allergies and multiple drug allergies. The main role for this division is to diagnose and take care of patients who are best treated in a hospital environment.

Allergy and Immunology Internal Medicine:
Generally, an immunology clinic provides the diagnosis and treatment options for patients with genetic disorders of the immune system. In turn, an Allergy clinic is for the diagnosis and management of people with serious allergic diseases inclusive of latex allergy, food allergies and multiple drug allergies. The main role for this division is to diagnose and take care of patients who are best treated in a hospital environment.

Anatomic Pathology:
Anatomic Pathology is a specialty in the medical field focused on the diagnosis of disease based on the microscopic, gross, chemical molecular and immunologic view of organs, tissues and entire bodies. It is divided into specialties, the main ones are parensic pathology, cytopathology and surgical pathology. To practice pathology, medical school must be completed.

Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Pathology:
This is a medical specialty group focused on the diagnosis of disease based on the chemical, microscopic, gross, immunologic and molecular observation of tissues, organs and full bodies. Anatomic Pathology is divided into numerous subspecialties. Some of these are cytopathology, forensic pathology and surgical pathology.

Anesthesiology:
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What is Anesthesiology?

Anesthesiology is a branch of medicine which deals with the reduction of pain for patients that are going through surgery. Millions of surgical procedures are performed each year, and most cannot be done without anesthetics due to the extreme pain the patients would experience. Anesthesiologists are responsible for administering anesthetics to patients and then monitoring how they respond to them before, during and after surgery has been completed.

Once the patient's surgery has been completed they must recover from the anesthetics effects. During this time they must be carefully monitored to ensure they completely regain consciousness and the anesthesiologist will decide if and when the patient has recovered to the extent that they can be released from the hospital. The most important responsibility of anesthesiology is pain reduction, either partially or completely. Many surgical procedures require extreme precision and if a patient jerks during the operation due to pain the consequences can be severe.

Common Tasks Performed by Anesthesiologists

- Provide pain reducing medications
- Perform airway management
- Advanced life support
- Preparing patients for surgery
- Pulmonary or cardiac resuscitation
- Provides medical assessments

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Bariatric Medicine:
Refers to a branch of medicine that is concerned with the treatment of obesity, along with the causes and different prevention techniques. Overweight and obesity are on the rise and cause numerous preventable health conditions. With that said, many of the side affects of being overweight are detrimental.

Bariatric Medicine ObGyn:
Refers to a branch of medicine that is concerned with the treatment of obesity, along with the causes and different prevention techniques. Overweight and obesity are on the rise and cause numerous preventable health conditions. With that said, many of the side affects of being overweight are detrimental.

Bariatric Medicine Psychiatry and Neurology:
Refers to a branch of medicine that is concerned with the treatment of obesity, along with the causes and different prevention techniques. Overweight and obesity are on the rise and cause numerous preventable health conditions. With that said, many of the side affects of being overweight are detrimental.

Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine:
Blood conservation and transfusion are the two activities that define the clinical area of transfusion medicine. This is where blood or blood products are transferred from one recipient to another's blood stream. Normally this is done as a life saving maneuver in emergency situations, where a patient has lost a lot of blood.

Body Imaging:
Body Imaging is an individuals' perception of the aesthetics and sexual liking of their own body. A body image is a product of personal experiences, personality and numerous cultural and social pressures. Young woman often have issues with body image because of the negative social pressures they face daily.

Cardiovascular Disease:
Is also referred to as heart disease. This group of disease involved the heart or blood vessels. Every year cardiovascular disease kills more Americans than cancer does.

Chemical Pathology:
Is also referred to as Clinical Biochemistry. It is the use of biochemical and various biological methods in the diagnosis and potential treatment of disease. Chemical Pathology stems from the science side of medicine.

Child Abuse Pediatrics:
Is a specific division within the area of pediatrics. Here medical professionals deal with children that have been abused. These specialized doctors work with a team of medical professionals to help children deal with their experiences in child abuse, to help them understand and overcome all of the physical, emotional, mental and social scars.

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry:
There are numerous key characteristics when assessing a child's mental health. They include happiness, resilience and balance. Along with self-actualization and flexibility.

Clinical and Laboratory Dermatological Immunology:
This is the laboratory study of all aspects of the immune system of the skin. This is a licensed doctor that both diagnoses and treats issues of the skin. They handle disorders of the skin that are caused by allergic reactions and various other immune system disorders.

Clinical and Laboratory Immunology:
This is where immunology is studied. Immunology is the science that is concerned with numerous aspects of immunity, induced sensitivity and allergies. Here is where hands-on learning and information gathering takes place.

Clinical Biochemical Genetics:
Clinical Biochemical Genetics links the sciences of chemistry, biology and genetics through offering an interdisciplinary forum to discuss new developments. It's the study of relationships between enzymes and genes, particularly the role of various genes in controlling the steps in numerous biochemical pathways. Biochemical Genetics is a specific branch of genetics.

Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology:
Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology is the biomedical area dealing with studying electrical activity in the body, directly associated with the structure of the heart. Specifically studying the production of electrical activity and the observed effects of the electrical activity on the heart and the body. It is also used for retinal testing.

Clinical Cytogenetic:
This is the clinical study of the visual appearance of a chromosome when stained and observed under a microscope. Of importance are the visually distinct light and dark regions of the chromosome. The chromosome structure is very important in determining any chromosomal alterations.

Clinical Genetics (M.D.):
Clinical Genetics is the study of how genes affect an individuals risk for disease. Most specialty hospitals have a genetic department. A Clinical Genetics M.D. Focuses of genetics.

Clinical Molecular Genetics:
Is where chemical examination is used to define genetic abnormalities. This is usually pertinent to a prenatal diagnosis. There three main categories that molecular geneticists work are prenatal diagnosis, carrier testing and diagnosis confirmation.

Clinical Neurophysiology:
Is a medical specialty that studies that focuses on the peripheral and central nervous systems through the precise recording of bioelectrical activity. The major diagnostic modalities include evoked potentials, electromyography, electroencephalography, polysomnograohy and intraoperative monitoring. Becoming an expert in this field requires numerous years of extra education in the medical health discipline.

Clinical Pathology:
Is a medical specialty concerned with the diagnosing of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, like blood and urine, implementing tools of microbiology, chemistry, molecular pathology and hematology. Clinical Pathology requires a medical residency.

Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine:
Laboratory Medicine is normally divided into two sections. These two sections are anatomic pathology and clinical pathology. This is where tests are completed on clinical specimens for the purpose of getting information about the health of a patient, which will help in diagnosing, treating and preventing disease.

Clinical Pharmacology:
Clinical Pharmacology is essentially the science of drugs and how they are clinically used. It helps connect the gap between medical practices and laboratory science. The main focus is to ensure the safety of the prescription, enhance the drug effects and reduce the side affects.

Colon and Rectal Surgery:
This division of medicine is focused with surgical procedures involving the intestinal tract, anus, rectum and peri-anal areas. If a patient was diagnosed with colon cancer, a rectal surgeon would help them explore their options for treatment. There are numerous different health care specialists that focus on this specific area of surgery.

Critical Care Medicine:
Critical Care Medicine is also known as Intensive-Care Medicine. It is focused with the provision of life support or various organ support systems in patients that are very ill and require constant monitoring. Critical Care is only offered to patients that have a good change of reversing their condition.

Critical Care Medicine Anesthesiology:
Critical Care Medicine is also known as Intensive-Care Medicine. It is focused with the provision of life support or various organ support systems in patients that are very ill and require constant monitoring. Critical Care is only offered to patients that have a good change of reversing their condition.

Critical Care Medicine ObGyn:
Critical Care Medicine is also known as Intensive-Care Medicine. It is focused with the provision of life support or various organ support systems in patients that are very ill and require constant monitoring. Critical Care is only offered to patients that have a good change of reversing their condition.

Cytopathology:
This is a branch of pathology that diagnoses and studies various diseases on the cellular level. A common example is a pap smear. It is also used to investigate diseases involving sterile body cavities, thyroid lesions and a wide variety of other body sites.

Dermatology:
This is an area of medicine that deals with the skin and all its diseases. It is a very unique specialty that has both medical and surgical aspects. A 'doctor of the skin' is referred to as a dermatologist and specifically takes care of diseases of the skin, along with one cosmetic issues of the scalp, skin, nails and hair.

Dermatopathology:
Dermatopathology is a medical health field that uses dermatology and surgical pathology and focuses on the study of cutaneous diseases at a microscopic level. As well, it analyses the potential causes of skin diseases at a cellular level. They work in close proximity to dermatologists.

Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics:
This is a division of pediatrics that takes care of patients with a wide variety of behavioral and developmental disorders. They include cerebral palsy, autism, down syndrome and complex learning disorders to name a few. Developmental Pediatricians work closely with numerous other health professionals, in order to provide the best outcome for the patient.

Diagnostic Neuroimaging:
Is computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Examples of Diagnostic Neuroimagine are chest x-rays, pelvic ultrasound and abdominal ultrasound. Others are breast mammograms, MRI cervical spine and breast ultrasound.

Diagnostic Radiology:
Is concerned with using various imaging modalities to help with the diagnosis of disease. It can be divided into multiple sub-section areas. Interventional radiology uses the imaging modalities of diagnostic radiology to guide surgical procedures and therapeutic radiology uses radiation to treat diseases such as cancer.

Diagnostic Ultrasound:
Is an imaging technique used to see muscles, tendons and internal organs. The purpose is to capture their size, structure and view any abnormalities present in development. Through these ultrasound images information is gathered to better assess the situation.

Electrodiagnostic Medicine:
Electro diagnostic Medicine is the most accurate method modern day medicine has of assessing the function of muscles and nerves. A physician in this field undergoes specialty training and a certification process, that verifies their abilities in this field. Some procedures they perform are electromyography, evoked potentials and nerve conduction studies.

Emergency Medical Services:
Emergency Medical Services is a type of emergency service that provides out-of-hospital acute medical health care and/or transports a patient to a medical establishment. As well they handle patients with illnesses and injuries in which the patient, or the medical doctor, thinks is a medical emergency. They are also known as first aid squad, rescue squad, ambulance service or life squad.

Emergency Medicine:
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What is Emergency Medicine?

Emergency medicine is a team oriented field where the doctors will perform a diagnosis while treating patients who are acute and undifferentiated. They are trained to deal with practically any emergency, and will perform numerous procedures, some of which are standard and others which are lifesaving. Patients will come to them to find out why they are sick, and emergency medicine doctors will perform an evaluation within the outpatient setting.

Those who work within emergency medicine differ from other physicians as they work extensively with others. They will typically need to collaborate with ancillary staff and nurses, and are expected to communicate clearly and concisely while working well with others. Emergency medicine professionals are generalists which means they work with a variety of patients as opposed to being restricted to one specialty, such as a chiropractor who works primarily with the spine or an anesthesiologist who primarily focuses on pain relief.

Common Tasks Performed by Emergency Medicine Professionals

- Manages patients who have experienced physical trauma
- Treats psychiatric patients
- Works with the elderly or children
- Performs medical evaluations

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Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism:
Endocrinology is the study of hormones and their specific receptors, along with the signaling paths they invoke and the conditions and diseases attached to them. Diabetes is a disorder of the metabolism and a specific areas of study and research within the medical health field. Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism are important components of the medical health industry as a whole.

Facial Plastic Surgery:
The field of surgery concerned with the face and reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects or treatment for diseases. People that have been victims of serious facial burns are often candidates for Facial Plastic Surgery. This is a specialty within the medical profession.

Family Medicine:
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What is Family Medicine?

Family medicine is a medical discipline that offers comprehensive healthcare to patients of all ages. Healthcare providers who specialize in family medicine are primary care physicians that are trained to cater to the healthcare needs of families, including adults and children.

Of all the primary care specialties, family medicine specialists handle the most healthcare cases because the scope of family medicine is extremely large. Healthcare providers specializing in other medical disciplines often focus on one particular part of the body or one disease. For family doctors, this is far from the truth because they need to know how to diagnose and treat a wide variety of ailments, and provide healthcare for you as a whole person. They also provide preventive medical care services to help patients maintain best health over the long term.

Family physicians will also need to consider the personal lives of the patients, because the concept of the patient-physician relationship is heightened in this discipline. Many family doctors find themselves forming lasting patient-physician relationships that span over decades, and it is this special element that sets family medicine apart from other healthcare specialties.

Common Conditions Seen by Family Physicians

- Sore Throat
- Cough
- Flu
- Fever
- Asthma
- Allergies
- Ear Infection
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Arthritis
- Obesity

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Foot and Ankle Surgery:
This is a specialty of orthopedics and podiatry. It deals with the treating, diagnosing and preventing disorders of the foot and ankle. Foot and Ankle Surgeons are able to treat all disorders of the foot and ankle that are both surgical and non-surgical.

Forensic Pathology:
Forensic Pathology is concerned with figuring out the cause of death by looking at a corpse. A medical examiner or coroner will order the autopsy and a licensed Pathologist will complete it. Forensic Pathologists are also often needed to confirm the identity of a corpse.

Forensic Psychiatry:
This is a specialty of psychiatry. It is also an auxiliary science of criminology. It utilizes the interface between law and psychiatry.

Gastroenterology:
This is the medical specialty focused on the study, diagnosis and treatment of specific disorders found in the digestive system. Some of these disorders affect the esophagus, small intestine, stomach, liver, pancreas, colon or gallbladder. Most Pediatric hospitals have a Gastroenterology division. An Omphalocele falls under this terminology.

General Practice:
A General Practice is where a doctor treats acute and chronic illnesses, as well as providing preventative care and health education for everybody. These doctors are particularly skilled in treating people with numerous conditions.

Geriatric Medicine:
Geriatric Medicine is a sub-component of internal and family medicine. It focuses specifically on the health and care of elderly people. The goal being to promote health by preventing disease, diagnosing and treating it to improve the overall quality of life.

Geriatric Psychiatry:
Is also known as geropsychiatry, psychiatry of old age and psychogeriatrics. It deals with studying, preventing and treating mental disorders and people with old age. Diagnosing, treating and managing dementia is one area of this special field.

Gynecologic Oncology:
Focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system. Cervical, uterine and ovarian cancer are examples. Most established specialty hospitals have a Gynecologic Oncology Department.

Gynecology:
This branch of medicine is concerned with the overall health of the female organs of reproduction and connective diseases. Gynecology does not focus on all women's medicine. If a woman is having trouble conceiving, she may be referred to a gynecologist.

Hand Surgery:
Is the replacement or repair of bones and other components of the hand in order to improve the overall function. Hand surgery is a specialty and not available in some health facilities. Hand surgeons are not as common a general practitioners.

Hematology:
Hematology is concerned with diagnosing, treating and preventing blood diseases and cancer. As well, Hematology researches these diseases. These diseases include sickle cell disease, hemophilia an iron deficiency anemia, to name a few.

Hematology and Oncology:
Hematology is concerned with diagnosing, treating and preventing blood diseases and cancer. As well, Hematology researches these diseases. These diseases include sickle cell disease, hemophilia an iron deficiency anemia, to name a few. Oncology deals with the study of cancer.

Hepatology:
This branch of medicine incorporate the study of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas and biliary tree. It also manages the disorders. This is a specialty branch of medicine.

Hospice and Palliative Medicine:
Hospice Medicine is end-of-life medicine to help make the patient more comfortable and to ease the suffering. Palliative Medicine is a unique area of health care that has goals to relieve and prevent the suffering of all patients. Palliative Medicine uses a multi-factorial approach to caring for patient and relies on advice from the doctors, chaplains, nurses, social workers and other health care professionals if planning how to care for a patient.

Hospitalist:
This is a doctor that cares for patients in a hospital environment. So if someone has just been admitted to the hospital, chances are they are not seeing a primary care physician. Most Hospitalists have undergone the same training as other doctors, they are just practicing in hospital instead of elsewhere.

Hypertension Specialist:
They can figure out whether your medications and doses for elevated blood pressure are correct. They work closely with numerous other health care professionals. Some of these are cardiologists, pharmacists, nurses and endocrinologists.

Immunopathology:
This area of medicine handles the immune responses attached to disease. This is inclusive of the study of the pathology of an organ, disease or organ system with attention to the immunity implications. Immunopathology is specialty off of Clinical Pathology.

In Vivo and In Vitro Nuclear Medicine:
These In Vivo and In Vitro procedures are performed in test tubes. RAI is a specific type of In Vitro procedure combining the use of radio chemicals and antibodies to measure hormone levels, vitamins and drugs in a patient's blood. In Vivo procedures are when minimal amounts of radiopharmaceuticals are administered directly to a patient and the majority of nuclear medicine procedures are in vivo.

Independent Medical Examiner:
This is when a physical therapist/doctor or chiropractor who hasn't been involved in someone's previous care, examines and evaluates the individuals condition. There is no sort of relationship here. An Independent Medical Examiner may be required in the case of an insurance claim, to ensure that the condition and factors surrounding an illness or injury, are accurate.

Infectious Disease:
Is an infectious disease that is in their population and is rapidly increasing in people being infected or geographic location. Examples are the Ebola virus and hive/aids. There are specialized health professionals trained to study and research infectious disease.

Internal Medicine:
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What is Internal Medicine?

An internist, or those that specialize in internal medicine, have great expertise in regards to the treatment, care and diagnosis individuals who are suffering from a variety of diseases. Internists will also function as consultants to doctors to assist them in dealing with complex diagnostic issues. Internists will begin practicing after they've completed their formal medical training. Their primary subject of study is generalized internal medicine and they may sometimes be called general internists.

Unlike many physicians, internists do not specialize in any one medical condition, and could be considered a "jack of all trades", whom could deal with a wide spectrum of diseases afflicting adults, including chronic illnesses. They can work with patients who are suffering from any adverse condition, irrespective of how rare or complicated it may be. They have excellent problem solving skills and can address multiple conditions simultaneously.

Common Conditions Seen In Internal Medicine

- Critical Care Medication
- Transplant for Heart Failure
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Diabetes and Endocrinology
- Cardiac Electrophysiology
- Geriatric Medication

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Interventional Cardiology:
In general terms, Interventional Cardiology it refers to treating numerous heart diseases through small tubes inserted through the arm or leg. These diseases used to be found as the main focus of heart surgery. By not having to cut open the chest and open the heart, the risks are greatly reduced, along with recovery time.

Interventional Pain Medicine:
This field of medicine is fairly new. It depends on the use of invasive procedures to treat numerous painful disorders. Most doctors that specialize here are board certified in pain medicine.

Legal Medicine:
This branch of medicine deals with the application of medical knowledge to specific legal processes and proceedings. Another name for Legal Medicine is forensic medicine. A lawyer with an interest in certain medical aspects is referred to as a medical jurisprudence, not a physician.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
An MRI scan is a technique of radiology that implements radio waves, magnetism and a computer, to depict images of body structures. This scanner is a tube encompassed by a large circular magnet. While laying on a moveable bed, a patient is inserted into this magnet, where the images are taken.

Maternal and Fetal Medicine:
This branch of medicine is focused on the growth, development and treatment of a fetus and with numerous factors that could potentially harm the fetus. It deals with caring for and taking environmental factors into consideration when looking at the overall well-being of a fetus. Woman who have a 'high-risk' pregnancy will seek the expertise of medically professionals in Maternal and Fetal Medicine.

Medical Microbiology:
Focuses on how the body responds to invading microorganisms. It is a section of both microbiology and medicine and deals with studying various microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. All of which are of medical importance because they can catalyze disease in the body.

Medical Oncology:
Medical Oncology is the treating of cancer with medicine. Chemotherapy is one of these medicines. Oncologists often specialize in specific types of cancer like lymphoma or breast cancer.

Medical Toxicology:
Medical Toxicology or Clinical toxicology is a specific specialty of medicine. This specialty is practiced by Toxicologists, although a toxicologist expertise is often used in pediatrics, occupational medicine and emergency medicine. A toxicological screen is one of the central laboratory tests used within this discipline.

Medical Toxicology Pediatrics:
Medical Toxicology or Clinical toxicology is a specific specialty of medicine. This specialty is practiced by Toxicologists, although a toxicologist expertise is often used in pediatrics, occupational medicine and emergency medicine. A toxicological screen is one of the central laboratory tests used within this discipline.

MOHS-Micrographic Surgery:
Is a surgical technique used for removing certain cutaneous carcinomas that allows accurate microscopic marginal control with the use of horizontal frozen sections. This method is used to treat basal cell carcinoma, along with squamous cell carcinomas. With this technique there are superior cure rates.

Molecular Genetic Pathology:
Is a description of disease and processes based on the underlying protein and genetic defects. It is a specialty division of pathology. A molecular genetic pathologyis gives information about gene structure, function and alternation and application to lab techniques for diagnosing, treating and prognoses for people with related disorders.

Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine:
This branch of medicine is interested in the care, development and diseases of newborns. A Neonatologist is a licensed doctor with special training in newborn intensive care. This type of specialty medicine isn't found in most general hospitals but can be found in a specialty hospital like a pediatric hospital.

Nephrology:
Refers to the science and art of caring for the kidney. A Nephrologists is a medical health professional focusing on Nephrology. Pediatric hospitals will have a division of Nephrology.

Neurodevelopmental Disabilities:
These are a wide group of chronic disorders that start anytime during the developmental process up to twenty-two years of age and can last a lifetime. Some of the major disabilities include communication disorders, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy and neural tube defects. Therapy routines may include speech therapy, play therapy or occupational therapy, to name a few.

Neurological Surgery:
This type of specific surgery is focused on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of disorders that affect components of the nervous system. These include the spinal column and cord, brain, peripheral nerves, along with the extra-cranial cerebrovascular systems. Neurological Surgery involves numerous types of highly technical pieces of equipment such as MRI and functional MRI intraoperatively.

Neurology:
Neurology deals with disorders of the nervous system. In specifics it handles the diagnosis and treatments of every category of disease involving the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems. This includes their blood vessels, coverings and all effector tissue.

Neurology with Special Qualifications in Child Neurology:
Pediatric Neurologists deal with neurology in children. Neurology is unique because it intersects with psychiatry. This specialty area is concerned with the nervous system function and various disorders.

Neuromuscular Medicine:
This is a relatively new area of medicine. It focuses on the comprehensive medicinal management of people with neuromuscular disorders. Examples are disorders of the muscles, nerves and neuromuscular junctions. The goal is to diagnose and treat these conditions.

Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine and OMM:
These are fairly new specialties of medicine. Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine handles bodily systems as a whole and doctors believe that the cause of disease and disorders is because of an imbalance between the blood vessels, nervous system skeletal framework and musculature. Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine involves the application of specific osteopathic philosophies, structural diagnosis and use of Osteopathetic Manipulative Treatment when diagnosing and managing a patient.

Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine, Sports Medicine:
Sports medicine is the branch of medicine dealing with healing, that utilizes a holistic, comprehensive team philosophy to help prevent, diagnose and manage sports and exercise-related injuries, dysfunctions and disorders. Sports Medicine involves a holistic approach in dealing with diagnosis, prevention and treatment. This holistic approach is reliant on all the neuromusculoskeletal systems of the body as a key focus of health.

Neuropathology:
Is the study of disease of the tissues of the nervous system, normally by either small surgical biopsies or whole autopsy brains. It is a division of neurology, anatomic pathology and neurosurgery. Don't confuse it with neuropathy, which is disorders of the nerves.

Neuroradiology:
This is a sub-specialty within radiology. It focuses on the diagnosis and characterizing the abnormalities of the central nervous system, neck, head and spine. Two imaging modalities are CT and MRI.

Nuclear Cardiology:
Uses radioactive materials that are attracted to the tissues of the heart. These radioactive materials emit gamma rays that are detected by special cameras. These cameras work with computers to gather information about the areas of the heart in focus.

Nuclear Imaging and Therapy:
This is a method of producing images by detecting radiation from various parts of the body after giving it trace amounts of radioactivity. These images are recorded. The doctor specializing in nuclear medicine interprets these images to make a diagnosis.

Nuclear Medicine:
This specific type of medicine uses painless, cost-effective techniques to take images of the body and treat diseases. It provides doctors with valuable information about both structure and function. Nuclear Medicine allow valuable information to be gathered that wouldn't otherwise be available or require more invasive procedures to gather.

Nuclear Radiology:
Nuclear Radiology is another sub-specialty of diagnostic radiology. It includes the use of radiopharmaceuticals of dynamic and static imaging of pathophysiologic processes, along with the treatment of a variety of benign and malignant diseases. For diagnosis PET and CT are used.

Obstetrics:
Obstetrics is the art and science of handling pregnancy, labor and the time after delivery. Most hospitals have an Obstetric Unit. Obstetricians are doctors specializing in pregnancy care and delivery.

Obstetrics and Gynecology:
Obstetrics and Gynecology are specialty areas of medicine in which a doctor has studied and been trained to deal with all aspects of birthing and treating specific issues of the woman's reproductive system. This includes the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Both Obstetricians and Gynecologists can perform surgical procedures. These specialty doctors are normally only available if referred to by another doctor.

Occupational Medicine:
Is the specialty branch of medicine that is most active the field of Occupational Health. The main role is the provision of health advice to individuals and organizations to make sure the highest standards of health and safety at work can be maintained. These doctors have a wide knowledge of clinical medicine and be competent in numerous important areas.

Ophthalmology:
This is a branch of medicine that specializes in the anatomy, function and diseases of the eye. An Ophthalmologist is a doctor that specializes in vision and eye care. These doctors are able to perform delicate surgery, prescribe glasses and contact lenses to help treat issues of the eye.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery:
This is surgery to correct a large range of diseases, injuries and abnormalities in the neck, head, face, jaws and the soft and hard tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. This is one of the nine dentistry specialties recognized in the U.S.

Orthopedic Surgery:
This specific branch of surgery is focused with specific conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. These surgeons use nonsurgical and surgical methods for treatment. These treatments are of sports injuries, musculoskeletal injury, degenerative diseases, tumors, infections and various congenital disorders.

Orthopedic Surgery of the Spine:
This type of surgery is concerned with the bones of the spine. Literally Orthopedics is the practice of child straightening. The skeletal system is the main concern for Orthopedic Surgeons.

Orthopedic Trauma:
This is where damage or injury has been done to the skeletal system. In other words, bones have ultimately been damaged. An example is a fractured arm or leg.

Otolaryngic Allergy:
This is an allergy as it related to ear, nose, head and neck and throat disorders. Medical specialists in this specialty devote their time to diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease. They are looking to enhance their knowledge and skill with regards to the care of their patients.

Otolaryngology:
This particular branch of surgery deals with the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, head, neck and throat disorders. These specialty surgeons are called Otolaryngologists are qualified medical doctors. These doctors must complete at least five years of surgical training in order to be qualified.

Otolaryngology/Facial Plastic Surgery:
This facial surgery is concerned with the diagnosis, management and treatment of diseases and various disorders of the nose, throat, ear and related parts of the head and neck. Specialty areas include pediatric otolaryngology, otology, laryngologist and rhinology. Most Otolaryngologists focus on one or two specific areas.

Otology and Neurotology:
Is a department devoted to the care of people wit issues of the nose, throat, ear and neck. The doctors within this field are often known as ENT doctors. There are numerous subspecialties within the areas of Otology and Neurotology.

Pain Medicine:
This area of medicine looks at an interdisciplinary approach for relieving pain and suffering and improving the overall quality of life of those living with pain. This approach normally utilizes the team of medical doctors, physiotherapists, clinical psychologists, nurse practitioners and occupational therapists. Treatment for longer term pain include pharmacology measures including tricyclic antidepressants, analgesics and anticonvulsants, physical therapy, exercise, heat and ice application, intervention and psychological measures.

Pain Medicine Anesthesiology:
This area of medicine looks at an interdisciplinary approach for relieving pain and suffering and improving the overall quality of life of those living with pain. This approach normally utilizes the team of medical doctors, physiotherapists, clinical psychologists, nurse practitioners and occupational therapists. Treatment for longer term pain include pharmacology measures including tricyclic antidepressants, analgesics and anticonvulsants, physical therapy, exercise, heat and ice application, intervention and psychological measures.

Pain Medicine Psychiatry and Neurology:
This area of medicine looks at an interdisciplinary approach for relieving pain and suffering and improving the overall quality of life of those living with pain. This approach normally utilizes the team of medical doctors, physiotherapists, clinical psychologists, nurse practitioners and occupational therapists. Treatment for longer term pain include pharmacology measures including tricyclic antidepressants, analgesics and anticonvulsants, physical therapy, exercise, heat and ice application, intervention and psychological measures.

Pain Medicine Rehabilitation:
This area of medicine looks at an interdisciplinary approach for relieving pain and suffering and improving the overall quality of life of those living with pain. This approach normally utilizes the team of medical doctors, physiotherapists, clinical psychologists, nurse practitioners and occupational therapists. Treatment for longer term pain include pharmacology measures including tricyclic antidepressants, analgesics and anticonvulsants, physical therapy, exercise, heat and ice application, intervention and psychological measures.

Pediatric Allergy/Immunology:
Pediatric Immunology is the pediatric specialty focused on the study of the immune system in children. Symptoms of Pediatric Allergies are quite often confused with the common pediatric nose, ear and throat conditions. Very often children diagnosed with repetitive cold or sinus issues are actually suffering from allergies.

Pediatric Anesthesiology:
Specializes in the care of children during sugary and numerous other procedures. The are license physicians with extra training. They either have a special interest in children or have received special training in pediatrics.

Pediatric Cardiology:
Involves studying, diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases in children. A Pediatric Cardiologist is considered a specialist in two areas. They specialize in treating children and they have expertise and extra training in Cardiology.

Pediatric Critical Care Medicine:
Is where Pediatric Critical Care Medicine doctors work in the intensive care units of hospitals to manage the overall care of children that are critically ill. This involves specialty training for various life-threatening situations.

Pediatric Dermatology:
This is a board-certified specialty. Doctors in Pediatric Dermatology offer special evaluations of newborns, infants, children and adolescents. Some diseases that are treated are genetic, infectious, along with acquired disorders that are unique to this young age group. Pediatric Dermatology is a specialized division within Pediatrics.

Pediatric Emergency Medicine:
This is a specialty in which doctors that care for children with acute illnesses or injures that require immediate medical attention. This is usually short term care. The idea is to stabilize the child and if necessary transport them to a different medical establishment for recovery.

Pediatric Endocrinology:
This is a medical specialty dealing with the differentiations of physical growth and sexual development in childhood, along with diabetes and numerous other disorders of the endocrine glands. Pediatric Endocrinologists care for patients from infancy to young adulthood. The most common disease within this medical specialty is type 1 diabetes.

Pediatric Gastroenterology:
This is the study and treatment of children with disorders of the GI or gastrointestinal tract. Pediatric Gastroenterologists are doctors that treat diseases of the digestive organs. This includes the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, intestines, gallbladder and liver.

Pediatric Hematology-Oncology:
Anatomic Pathology is a specialty in the medical field focused on the diagnosis of disease based on the microscopic, gross, chemical molecular and immunologic view of organs, tssues and entire bodies. It is divided into specialties.

Pediatric Infectious Diseases:
Are infectious diseases that affect children. Doctors in the specialty area of medicine diagnose, manage and prevent infectious diseases through clinical care, education, research and advocacy. These infectious diseases can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites.

Pediatric Nephrology:
Pediatric Nephrology specializes in treating patients from birth to young adults. A Pediatric Nephrologist basically treats a child with a pediatric nephrology disorder. They work with other specialists including radiologists, urologists, surgeons and neonatologists.

Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery:
This surgery is focused on the skeletal system of children. Numerous debilitating diseases affect the skeletal system of children, such as leukemia, bursitis and osteoporosis. Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery is usually performed in a Children's Hospital.

Pediatric Otolaryngology:
Treats numerous common pediatric ear, throat and nose issues in children. Larynology deals with voice disorders and Otology focuses on ear disease. Whereas Rhinology deals with neck cancer and neck and head surgery tackles neck and head surgery.

Pediatric Pathology:
Handles the diagnosis and characterization of neoplatic and non-neoplastic disease in adolescents. These medical specialists work closely with Pediatricians. There are numerous Pediatric Pathology Organizations, such as American Academy of Pediatrics, Placenta Association of the Americas and International Society for the Study of Trophoblastic Diseases.

Pediatric Pulmonology:
Is the ultimate sub-specialty within pediatrics. This specialty handles the disease of the respiratory tracts and various respiratory diseases. Often it's referred to as chest medicine and respiratory medicine.

Pediatric Radiology:
Is a sub-division of radiology. It involves the imaging of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents and young adults. Most Pediatric Radiologists practice at children's hospitals.

Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine:
Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine focuses on helping children with conditions affecting motor development, function and independence. This is a specialty division in which numerous health care providers work together to devise a plan to improve the patient's quality of life. It utilizes a unique approach to preventing, diagnosing, treating and managing physical and congenital impairments.

Pediatric Rheumatology:
Refers to children with rheumatic diseases, particularly arthritis. Pediatric Rheumatologists are pediatricians that have completed two or three years more specialized training in Pediatric Rheumatology. They are also usually board certified .

Pediatric Surgery:
Pediatric Surgery is a sub-division of surgery. It involves the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents and young people. Pediatric Surgeons practice in children's hospitals.

Pediatric Transplant Hepatology:
Anatomic Pathology is a specialty in the medical field focused on the diagnosis of disease based on the microscopic, gross, chemical molecular and immunologic view of organs, tssues and entire bodies. It is divided into specialties.

Pediatric Urology:
Deals with the disorders of children's genitourinary systems. They provide care for both sexes ranging from birth to early adult age. Disorders of testes and urination are most common.

Pediatrics:
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What is Pediatrics?

Pediatrics is a medical specialty that involves the treatment of children and infants. They provide medical treatment to kids that are sick or injured and they also perform preventative care. In addition to physical treatment, they can also treat the emotional and mental well-being of their patients.

The goal of pediatrics is to lower or eliminate deaths which occur among children and infants, through controlling the spread of disease among them. It is a branch of medicine that promotes a lifestyle among children which is disease free so that they can become healthy adults. Pediatrics is not limited to just young children and is also applied to teenagers up to the age of 18. Pediatricians address medical conditions which are both chronic and acute, and are the primary healthcare providers for those within this age group.

Common Conditions Seen by Pediatricians

- Congenital and genetic diseases
- Injuries or infections
- Organ disorders
- Asthma
- Measles
- Streptococcal pharyngitis
- Rubella
- Skin Rash
- Hand, foot and mouth disease
- Diarrhea and vomiting
- Pneumonia

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Ph.D. Medical Genetics:
Medical Genetics is a specialty in medicine that looks to diagnose and manage hereditary disorders. Ph.D. refers to a specialized doctor within this area. A PhD Medical Geneticist is the a top expert in this field of medicine.

Phlebology:
Phlebotomy is the study venous diseases, disorders and veins. These doctors have detailed knowledge of and specific training in the diagnosis and treatment of various vein disorders. Some of these disorders include varicose veins, venous leg ulcers, spider veins and venous thromboembolism.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation:
This branch of medicine looks to enhance and restore basic functional ability and quality of life for those people with serious physical impairments or disabilities. These doctors are often called Physiatrists. They specialize in trying to restore optimal function for people that have specific injuries to muscles, tissues, bones and the nervous system.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery:
In a general term, is the use of surgery to fix the form and function of the body. Maxillo-Facial and Plastic Surgeon do reconstructive surgery on the face and reconstruct the neck and head after cancer. Reconstructive plastic surgeons utilize the concept of a reconstructive ladder to deal with increasingly complex wounds.

Plastic Surgery:
Plastic Surgery is concerned specifically with the restoration or correction of function and form. Most types of plastic surgery is not cosmetic. Examples would be surgery for burns, hand surgery, microsurgery or reconstructive surgery.

Plastic Surgery within the Head and Neck:
This type of surgery is often performed to treat congenital defects or for restructuring injured areas of the neck and head. A plastic surgeon can do structural cosmetic surgery for aesthetic purposes. Or they can perform reconstructive surgery to fix abnormalities of the neck and head that are a result of disease, injury or both defects.

Plastic Surgery Within the Head and Neck:
Plastic surgery in the area of the neck and head is used to treat congenital defects or to restructure injured areas of the head and neck. As well, plastic surgery can be performed for aesthetic reasons. Deformities of the head and neck because of injury, disease or birth defects can also be improved.

Preventive Medicine/Occupational Environmental Medicine:
This refers to various measure taken to prevent disease, rather than treating or curing them. This is the opposite of curative and palliative medicine. Preventative Medicine is largely based on education.

Procedural Dermatology:
Is a subspecialty within dermatology that's concerned with studying, diagnosing and surgical treatment of various diseases of the skin and adjacent mucous membranes, cutaneous appendages, nails, hair and subcutaneous tissue. The surgical procedures are minimally invasive. Most of these procedures are performed on an out-patient basis.

Psychiatry:
This is the medical specialty focused on studying and treating mental disorders. These disorders include numerous affective, cognitive, behavioral and perceptual abnormalities. Normally a psychiatric assessment begins with a mental status examination and case history.

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What is Psychiatry?

Psychiatry is a medical specialty which emphasizes the treatment and diagnosis of emotional, behavioral or mental disorders. Psychiatrists are doctors who are qualified to evaluate both the physical and mental aspects of the disorders their patients have. Psychiatry is important for a number of reasons. It helps patients deal with problems which range from panic attacks to suicidal thoughts or feelings of helplessness.

People often go through hardships in their lives which can place a significant psychological strain on them. Examples of this include combat, torture, or physical and sexual abuse. Individuals who have experienced these things will often have severe psychological problems that can adversely impact their quality of life. Psychiatrists use a combination of the psychotherapy, medication and other treatments for their patients depending on their underlying condition. The goal of doing this is to help the patient overcome the condition so they can live a normal life.

Common Conditions Seen by Psychiatrists

- Hyperactivity
- Aggression
- Anxiety Disorders
- Depression
- Eating Disorders
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Bipolar Disorder
- Panic Disorder
- Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Psychosomatic Medicine:
This is an interdisciplinary medical field. It involves studying the relationships of psychological, social and behavioral factors on bodily processes. As well as the well-being of humans. The power of suggestion and positive thinking are important concepts within this field.

Public Health and General Preventive Medicine:
This is a medical health specialty that deals with the medical aspects of public health practice. It is described as the art and science of improving community health through organized efforts within a society as a whole. There are numerous health professionals and organizations that are needed to be successful in this area.

Pulmonary Disease:
This is a disorder that obstructs bronchial airflow. Emphysema is an example of a progressive disease of the lungs. Cigarette smoking and second hand smoke is directly associated with the development of various Pulmonary Diseases.

Radiation Oncology:
Is generally the treatment of cancer with radiation. A radiologist oncologist is a physician that has a specialty in treating cancer patients with radiation therapy. Radiation can be given alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy.

Radiological Physics:
Radiological Physics covers a variety of disciplines involved in general research and clinical applications in radiological sciences. It is an applied area of physics. As well, it's concerned with the application of physical energy to help diagnose and treat disease.

Reproductive Endocrinology:
Is a surgical subspecialty of Gynecology and obstetrics in which doctors in reproductive medicine address hormonal functioning as it related to reproduction, along with issues of infertility. The majority of REI specialists focus on the treatment of infertility. These specialists can also treat and evaluate various hormonal dysfunctions in both males and females outside of infertility.

Rheumatology:
This is a sub-specialty within pediatrics and internal medicine. It's focused on diagnosing and therapy of rheumatic diseases. New scientific discoveries has helped advance this medical health specialty.

Sleep Medicine:
This medical specialty is focused on diagnosing and the therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. In this process is a thorough medical history and diagnosis as symptoms are vary different within this specialty. One method of diagnosing is a polysomnography, that records sleep stages and respiratory events during a sleep period.

Sleep Medicine Otolaryngology:
This medical specialty is focused on diagnosing and the therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. In this process is a thorough medical history and diagnosis as symptoms are vary different within this specialty. One method of diagnosing is a polysomnography, that records sleep stages and respiratory events during a sleep period.

Sleep Medicine Pediatrics:
This medical specialty is focused on diagnosing and the therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. In this process is a thorough medical history and diagnosis as symptoms are vary different within this specialty. One method of diagnosing is a polysomnography, that records sleep stages and respiratory events during a sleep period.

Spinal Cord Injury Medicine:
Spinal Cord Injury Medicine focuses on spinal cord injury or myelopathy. A spinal cord injury professional diagnoses and treats injuries and disorders of the spinal cord that result in loss of movement and feeling. Injuries to the spinal cord and affect a patient's psychological and physical well-being and the doctor normally treats the condition for life.

Sports Medicine Emergency Medicine:
This area of health specialty services applies medical and scientific knowledge to lessen, recognize, care for and rehabilitate injuries that are related to sport. This includes exercises and recreational activities. A Certified Athletic Trainer is an example of a health professional the specializes in the health care of physical activity. They use various methods of Sports Medicine to care and prevent athletic injury.

Sports Medicine Family Medicine:
This area of health specialty services applies medical and scientific knowledge to lessen, recognize, care for and rehabilitate injuries that are related to sport. This includes exercises and recreational activities. A Certified Athletic Trainer is an example of a health professional the specializes in the health care of physical activity. They use various methods of Sports Medicine to care and prevent athletic injury.

Sports Medicine Internal Medicine:
This area of health specialty services applies medical and scientific knowledge to lessen, recognize, care for and rehabilitate injuries that are related to sport. This includes exercises and recreational activities. A Certified Athletic Trainer is an example of a health professional the specializes in the health care of physical activity. They use various methods of Sports Medicine to care and prevent athletic injury.

Sports Medicine Orthopedic Surgery:
This area of health specialty services applies medical and scientific knowledge to lessen, recognize, care for and rehabilitate injuries that are related to sport. This includes exercises and recreational activities. A Certified Athletic Trainer is an example of a health professional the specializes in the health care of physical activity. They use various methods of Sports Medicine to care and prevent athletic injury.

Sports Medicine Pediatrics:
This area of health specialty services applies medical and scientific knowledge to lessen, recognize, care for and rehabilitate injuries that are related to sport. This includes exercises and recreational activities. A Certified Athletic Trainer is an example of a health professional the specializes in the health care of physical activity. They use various methods of Sports Medicine to care and prevent athletic injury.

Sports Medicine Preventive :
This area of health specialty services applies medical and scientific knowledge to lessen, recognize, care for and rehabilitate injuries that are related to sport. This includes exercises and recreational activities. A Certified Athletic Trainer is an example of a health professional the specializes in the health care of physical activity. They use various methods of Sports Medicine to care and prevent athletic injury.

Sports Medicine Psychiatry and Neurology:
This area of health specialty services applies medical and scientific knowledge to lessen, recognize, care for and rehabilitate injuries that are related to sport. This includes exercises and recreational activities. A Certified Athletic Trainer is an example of a health professional the specializes in the health care of physical activity. They use various methods of Sports Medicine to care and prevent athletic injury.

Sports Medicine Rehabilitation:
This area of health specialty services applies medical and scientific knowledge to lessen, recognize, care for and rehabilitate injuries that are related to sport. This includes exercises and recreational activities. A Certified Athletic Trainer is an example of a health professional the specializes in the health care of physical activity. They use various methods of Sports Medicine to care and prevent athletic injury.

Surgery:
This area of medicine is concerned with the specific treatment of disease, deformity and injury by physical operation. Most hospital have a surgical unit. Specific units might be Gastroentology, General, Oncology or Cardiovascular Surgery.

Surgery of the Hand:
This deals with surgical and non-surgical treatment of various conditions and issues that take place in the hand, including injury and infection. Hand surgery can be performed by plastic surgeons, orthopedic surgeons and general surgeons. Hand surgeons complete a large variety of operations including fracture repairs, releases, transfer and repair or tendons and reconstruction of injuries, congenital defects and rheumatoid deformities.

Surgical Critical Care:
Is the management of surgical patients with critical illness. Within this surgical unit a team of critical care specialists manage the needs of patients. This includes pre-operative optimization, operative interventions and post-operative care.

Surgical Oncology:
This branch of surgery focuses on surgically managing cancer. Surgical Oncology is a specialty that is similar to medical oncology. Which grew from hematology and radiation oncology.

Therapeutic Radiology:
Therapeutic Radiology is also referred to as Radiation Oncology. It's the treatment of cancer and various other diseases with radiation. It may be used to cure or control cancer or to remove some of the symptoms associated with cancer.

Thoracic Surgery (Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery):
Thoracic Surgery is medicine inclusive of the surgical treatment of diseases that affect the organs inside the chest. The areas of treatment are the lungs, diaphragm and chest wall. When grouped with Cardiothoracic Surgery it is referred to as Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Transplant Hepatology:
Is a specialty within gastroenterology. Gastroenterologists specialize in treating various diseases of the digestive system. The management of transplantation and liver disease is complex.

Transplant Surgery:
This type of surgery is very complex and happens quickly. Its the type of medicine that replaces an organ through surgery, when an organ is no longer function for an individual. It is removed from the organ donor and placed in an organ recipient in order to save their life. Transplant Surgery is the only section of surgery that is focused on organs.

Trauma Surgery:
Trauma Surgery is a surgical specialty focusing on the treatment of physical injuries, normally in an emergency setting. Often trauma surgeons complete residency training in general surgery. Further training through fellowship normally occurs in surgical critical care.

Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine:
Undersea Medicine is also referred to as Hyperbaric Medicine. It involves diagnosing, treating and preventing conditions caused when people enter the undersea world. This is inclusive of the affects of gas and pressure on the body.

Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine:
Hyperbaric Medicine is also referred to as hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It's the medical use of oxygen at a higher level than atmospheric pressure in general. One of the therapeutic principles behind this medicine is that the increase pressure is of therapeutic value when HBOT is used in treating decompressions sickness or air embolism. Another is that exposure to hyperbaric oxygen mobilizes stem cells from the bone marrow by a nitric oxide.

Urology:
Urology specifically handles disease of the female and male urinary tract and the male reproductive organs. Most major hospitals have a Urology department. A knowledge of pediatrics, Gynecology and other specialties is necessary by a urologist because of the huge variety of problems that arise.

Vascular and Interventional Radiology:
Is radiology using x-ray and other radiant energy techniques to help diagnose and treat various diseases afflicting the heart and surrounding blood vessels. An Interventional Radiologist uses image guidance methods to gain access to different vessels and organs. They are skilled at treating specific conditions through the skin instead of requiring surgery.

Vascular Neurology:
Is the study and treatment of specific vascular diseases that affect the structure and function of the blood vessels that supply the brain. Vascular Neurology serves as the main referral center for stroke victims. Vascular Neurologists work with numerous health care professionals to create cutting edge treatments that are supported by state-of-the-art imaging.

Vascular Surgery:
Vascular Surgery is a specialty of surgery where diseases of the vascular system are managed by medical therapy, catheter procedures and surgical reconstruction. Vascular Surgery emerged from general and cardiac surgery. A team of health professionals work together within this specialty of surgery.